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Moreover, recombination frequencies and mutation rates tend to increase under stressful conditions [35], [36], [37].
Second, VA can in theory increase under stressful conditions (e.g., food shortage), owing to increased mutation, selection, or the expression of cryptic genetic variation (Hoffman and Merilä 1999; McGuigan and Sgrò 2009).
When inbred individuals disperse into novel environments, they may face additional inbreeding depression because they are not genetically adapted to those environments, and inbreeding depression can increase under stressful conditions (Dudash 1990; reviewed in Armbruster and Reed 2005; but see Waller et al. 2008).
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Many studies suggest that protein aggregation increases under stressful conditions.
Not only do they assist in the de novo folding of nascent proteins (estimated to be in excess of 20% of all cellular proteins), a requirement that increases under stressful conditions, but also in interactions with signal transduction proteins controlling cell homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation and cell death [96].
Next, we focused on changes in expression values of genes whose transcription levels increased under stressful growth arrest conditions.
Nevertheless, there is also ample evidence that mutation rates are increased under stressful conditions (e.g., drug treatment) in many systems, including yeasts, akin to what occurs in cancer (Galhardo et al., 2007).
The proposed explanation for the rise in melatonin is that its production increases under stressful stimuli in both, experimental animals and human as suggested by Karasek and Winczyk [ 21].
The protein L-isoaspartyl (D-aspartyl) O-methyltransferase (PIMT) is commonly present in seed tissues, however its activity is increased under stressful conditions and in Arabidopsis it was hypothesised that this protein could be involved in plant stress response [ 61, 62].
It follows that violence might increase under such stressful circumstances.
Yet, the downside is an increased vulnerability under stressful and low management conditions where forage is inadequate (Baker 1997).
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