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This study was designed to develop a technique to selectively increase the sympathetic tone to the heart by cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS).
Hence, the activation of sympathetic afferents nerve could increase the sympathetic outflow through cardiac sympathetic nerve reflexes, which has been confirmed by several physiological tests [11 13].
We speculate that clonidine, by way of reducing sympathetic tone (as evident from the catecholamine-lowering effect), might in fact increase the sympathetic nervous system modulatory effects [ 49].
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A respiratory muscle load-induced metaboreflex has been described, which increases the sympathetic tone and reduces the perfusion toward the limb muscles [16].
The result of physiological signals also showed that as the speed of a car increased, the sympathetic nervous system of passengers became more highly activated.
Autonomic hyperactivity, a component of the MS, increases the sympathetic tone [ 30].
Partial sleep deprivation for a single and subsequent nights increased the sympathetic tone based on recordings of heart rate variability after sleep deprivation (21, 22).
We previously demonstrated that CAP exposure alters the sympathovagal balance (Samet et al. 2009; Tong et al. 2012) by increasing the sympathetic input to the cardiovascular system, which could result in increased BP.
Since insulin resistance can deteriorate endothelium-dependent vasodilatation [ 29], it is conceivable that hyperinsulinemia in combination with a nearly unchanged insulin resistance in insulin glargine-treated patients increased the sympathetic nerve outflow without a compensatory activation of endothelium-dependent vasodilators.
These findings are consistent with a previous study demonstrating that CAP exposure alters the sympatho-vagal balance (Devlin et al. 2003; Samet et al. 2009) by increasing the sympathetic input to the cardiovascular system, which might result in cardiovascular stress including changes in heart rate, cardiac contractility, high levels of circulating catecholamines, and vasoconstriction.
A potential mechanistic pathway is that noise exposure serves as a stressor that increases the sympathetic tone of the autonomic nervous system, either directly or indirectly via hormone release, resulting in a "fight-or-flight" reaction (Babisch 2003; Babisch et al. 2001; Henry 1992; Ising et al. 2003).
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