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e2f1-/ did not increase the colonization of C. albicans in comparison to NOD/SCID.e2f1+/+ mice.
Compared to other broad spectrum antibiotics, carbapenems also increase the colonization of MDR- Acinetobacter, MDR- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenemase-positive Klebsiella and C.difficile through CD [ 15, 22].
For example, some pathogenic Candida species aggregate with Fusobacterium sp. [ 32], Actinomyces sp. [ 33], which may increase the colonization of mucosal epithelial cells.
More recently, some studies have revealed that some strains of Pseudomonas can increase the colonization of inert surfaces by Listeria monocytogenes [ 14] and/or protect this pathogenic bacterium from disinfectants[ 15].
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Inoculation with these root symbionts increased the colonization of the plants as compared to non-inoculated plants.
P addition in the field experiment increased the colonization level of the high P demanding annual forb (non-leguminous dicot) Galium lucidum, decreased hyphal abundance of the forb Plantago lanceolata and the grass Agrostis capillaris, and appeared to have a negligible effect on the forb Prunella vulgaris and on leguminous species.
Given the high rate of colonization in patients with no identified risk factors, an alternative hypothesis is that antibiotic use selects for ESBL-E from host indigenous gut flora, increasing the colonization burden.
Knowing that the presence of soil microorganisms such as Azotobacter and Pseudomonas can produce growth substances that can increase the mycorrhizal colonization of plants (Smith and Read 2008), we amended microbial wash to all mesocosms.
A larger host population would increase the chances of colonization and would provide more resources for exploitation by the colonizing parasite.
Seed sowing is however needed to increase the speed of the colonization process, because increasing seed density promotes colonization of species with poor recruitment in ex-arable fields.
Indeed, antibiotics ineffective against P. aeruginosa significantly increase the risk of colonization or infection with P. aeruginosa [21, 22].
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