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To increase specimen flatness on the grid, a second carbon layer can be deposited to the side where the sample is exposed to air [ 69, 70].
A main requirement for EM specimen preparation is to prevent the structural collapse upon sample dehydration, and ideally also to increase specimen contrast.
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Accelerated FCGR with increased specimen thickness was measured for both the BM and the WM.
As it is already known, with increasing specimen mass the characteristic frequency decreases.
The apparent modulus of elasticity is underestimated for increasing specimen cross-sections and decreasing specimen lengths.
The shear resistance decreases and the rate of softening increases with increasing specimen size.
The results show a tendency for the strength to decrease with increasing specimen volume for all failure modes.
In principle, the measured phase variation can be corrected for thickness effects that cause a proportional increase of the phase shift with increasing specimen thickness (see Eq. (1)).
The dynamic compressive strength increases with increasing specimen size under impact loading, which is opposite to the size effect under static loading.
The crack propagation resistance, J-curve (dJ/da) or δ-curve (dδ/da), decreases with increasing specimen thickness.
Unidirectional specimens showed a decreasing tensile strength with increasing specimen size, with a reduction of 14% over a factor of 8 change in linear dimension.
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