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Given that bats rarely used roosts in pastures, and bat visitation did not increase seedling recruitment, our data suggest that artificial bat roosts did not accelerate forest regeneration in abandoned, premontane pastures in southern Costa Rica.
As found in other Mediterranean scrubland, recruitment may only occur in years with particularly favourable weather, under disturbance regimes that increase seedling survival probability or when external dispersal agents increased seed availability in adequate places for Lavandula establishment.
The lowest observed concentration to increase seedling mortality was 83.3 mg/kg soil dry mass (T. pratense) and 144 mg/kg soil dry mass (A. cepa and B. napus), respectively.
It has been shown that herbivores can reduce the growth of B. pendula by up to 46% (Mikola et al. unpublished results, see also Prittinen et al., Silfver et al. ) and increase seedling mortality considerably.
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Our results revealed that the seed addition treatment significantly increased seedling survivorship for all three species.
N deposition increased seedling N concentrations and growth rates but did not increase herbivore consumption overall, or for any individual species.
High light levels during the wet period improved seedling growth but significantly increased seedling mortality during the dry season for all species.
Priming with low doses of nZVI increased seedling vigour, as expressed by increased root and shoot length, biomass and photosynthetic pigment content.
As salinity of irrigation water increased, seedling biomass decreased, and the plant height, fresh and dry weight of waxy maize in the thinning time decreased by 2% for every 1 dS/m increase in salinity of irrigated water.
Also, the overexpression of AhNF-YC caused increased seedling sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), and influenced the expression of several genes involved in secondary metabolism, development and ABA-related responses.
The inoculated seeds of the genotype PB 1121, exhibited increased seedling elongation as compared to uninoculated seeds of PB 1121 (Table 1).
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