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Indirect benefits are those that are only expressed in the offspring, such as "good genes" that increase offspring survival.
This preference suggests that mating with such males will increase offspring survival.
But a technique that has, to date, been used to increase offspring may someday yield more caviar: C-sections, performed on anesthetized sturgeon that may then produce another year's yield.
How does mutliple mating increase offspring performance in the absence of biases in paternity?
Females often prefer males with these conspicuous traits because these males provide material benefits that increase female fitness or genetic benefits that increase offspring fitness [7].
Females may profit from mating multiply through direct material benefits that increase their own reproductive output, or indirect genetic benefits that increase offspring fitness.
Similar(31)
Evolutionarily, such behaviors are presumably for the purposes of increased offspring diversity, increased offspring genetic quality, and/or extra fertilizations.
We found increased total lifetime progeny production regardless of treatment, which may indicate that there was evolution of increased proliferation of oocytes (instead of increased offspring viability).
Ever smoking was associated with increasing offspring age, white race, high maternal pressure to succeed in school, sibling drug use, and friend smoking, alcohol and drug use.
Offspring ND was associated with increasing offspring age, male gender, biological parents divorce, high genetic risk from father and mother ND, maternal problem drinking, maternal rule inconsistency and sibling drug use, and friend smoking, alcohol and drug use.
Although no completely unambiguous examples are known, evidence supporting the good genes hypothesis is accumulating, primarily through the discovery of male traits that are simultaneously preferred by females and correlated with increased offspring survival.
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