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At high elevations, many species exhibit a reduction in leaf area (Kouwenberg et al. 2007), possibly as a response to increased levels of incident radiation that would increase leaf temperatures and transpiration rates through increased leaf to air vapour pressure deficit (Körner and Cochrane 1985).
Under drought conditions, treatment with humic acids can increase leaf water retention and antioxidant metabolism [11].
Apart from the use of fire, harvesters did not report any other management activities deliberately used to increase leaf production or enhance palm populations.
Our study suggests two possible means to increase leaf photosynthesis: morphological modification of leaves (e.g., thicker leaves) and physiological modification of leaves (e.g., higher chlorophyll content).
Fahn and Cutler (1992) have hypothesized that amphistomatic leaves may have evolved in response to increasing aridity during the Tertiary period because they increase leaf conductance to CO2.
Tillering angle is also critical for dense planting because a wide tiller angle will increase leaf shade and decrease photosynthesis efficiency, whereas a narrow tiller angle is more efficient in plant architecture.
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Copper (Cu) exposure can increase leaf-associated fungal biomass, an important food component for leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates.
Ca(NO3 2 fertilization increased leaf K and Ca contents.
N supply increased leaf percentages, but decreased fine root percentages.
In contrast, flooded plants of subsp. dilatatum from the upland only increased leaf sheath length while subsp. flavescens neither increased leaf blade nor leaf sheath.
The hairy-leaf trait increased leaf surface temperature and WUEp by restricting leaf transpiration.
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