More importantly, only Thy-1− MEFs responded to TNF-α with an increase in invasion through a Matrigel barrier, although Thy-1+ MEFs exhibited greater baseline invasiveness (Figure 1D).
S1P stimulation resulted in a significant increase in invasion distance, and with the exception of treatment groups containing phorbol ester, invasion distance was longer in 1 mg/mL compared to 5 mg/mL collagen matrices.
We identified an increase in invasion and migration of irradiated compared to non-irradiated medulloblastoma cells.
The depletion of β-catenin as well as α-catenin induced an increase in invasion similar to p120ctn and P-cadherin.
As shown in Figure 3B, EPT1 cells exhibited 3 fold increase in invasion compared to EP156T cells after 24 h incubation.
The knockdown of P-cadherin on the other hand led to an increase in invasion similar to p120ctn depletion (Fig. 9).
The observed increase in invasion efficiencies using the classical invasion assay method as compared to the microscopy-based counts can be attributed to the invasion of unsuccessfully transfected cells and those with only partial knockdowns being present in these assays.
The knockdown of β- and α-catenin also induced disruption of cell-cell contacts and an increase in invasion but did not change P-cadherin or p120ctn protein levels.
The initial key difference that we observed in response to infection between 3-D large intestinal cells and established data utilizing monolayers, was the significant increase in invasion of a SPI-1 encoded T3SS mutant into the 3-D cells (Figure 2A and B), a mutant previously characterized to be invasion defective in monolayers [43], [44].
We observed that thyroid cells were capable of invading through matrigel and invasion by these cells was enhanced when cells were treated with E2 (grey bars) with an 40% increase in invasion for BCPAP, 36% for 8505C, 30% for CGTHW-1 and 31% for ML-1 (Fig. 4).
Our finding provides evidence that cystatin C regulates Erk activity in PC3 cells and that loss of cystatin C might lead to an uncontrolled increase in the activity of MAPK/Erk signaling cascades, and thereby result in an increase in invasion of PC3 cells.
