One cannot deny that strong selective pressures push gene pools (as in directional selection) quite steadily, often in a ratcheting process, or that coevolutionary arms races lead to spiraling increases in adaptations.
In summary, differences in the post-exercise response free testosterone and IGF-1 showed no association with increases in adaptations to resistance training.
As can be seen from (14) and (15), large estimation errors will cause an increase in the adaptation component ζ k (i), which yields a smaller forgetting factor and provides a faster tracking speed.
Migration of phages alone resulted in a significant increase in phage local adaptation, whereas migration of bacteria alone did not alter patterns of local adaptation relative to unmigrated populations [ 17].
Strong and sustained exposure to stress [ 16, 19, 20] may result in higher energy negative balance and may ultimately result in reduction in adaptation mechanisms, increase in the susceptibility to infection by pathogens, decline in productivity, and finally a huge economical loss [ 16, 19, 21].
Since the control and benign environments were very similar treatments in terms of both the level of CaCl2 and the starting fitnesses of the ancestor (Table 1), we pooled these two treatments to increase power for testing differences in adaptation between the benign and harsh environments.
It has been observed that the mixture structure of particle filters will cause a great increase in running time when adaptation is performed [21].
A fascinating experiment, where Escherichia coli populations (constructed from single clones, i.e., initially genetically identical) were studied for 10,000 generations, showed rapid adaptation (increase in fitness, i.e., relative growth rate compared to the ancestor) during the first 2,000 generations followed by near stasis.
