It is unclear if vitamin D insufficiency confers an increased likelihood of a genetically susceptible individual to progress to a full autoimmune disease or if vitamin D insufficiency is permissive for increased immunologic activation and disease activity or both.
On the contrary, syndromes suggestive of increased immunologic response such as uveitis (8 ), pneumonitis (9, 10 ), and rarely, cases of lymphocytic arthritis (11, 12 ) have been reported, although only uveitis has been epidemiologically associated with HTLV-I (8 ).
In addition, acute brain injury is also a cause of cerebral salt wasting, and also severe brain injury leading to brain death results in haemodynamic instability, hormonal disturbance and increased immunologic response, triggering an inflammatory cascade in several organs, including the kidney.
5-AZA-CdR enhances the graft-versus leukemia effect, which has the potential to increase the immunologic therapeutic efficacy of allogeneic transplantation [ 57]. 5-AZA-CdR also induces the upregulation of DNA repair genes and angiogenesis inhibitor genes [ 58].
The use of microneedles has the potential of both increasing the immunologic response by targeting the skin and providing a simple-to-use delivery system for reliable administration without specialized training.
Grass allergen-specific immunotherapy increases the immunologic tolerance towards grass pollen by targeting the underlying cause of the allergic disease, 4 thereby reducing the allergic symptoms while providing a long-lasting effect.
Furthermore, viral replication can increase months before immunologic or clinical deterioration, leading to resistance mutations that may limit future treatment options [5], [6].
Younger age < 30 years was significantly associated with 79% increased odds of virologic failure and 50% increased odds of immunologic failure.
In addition to immunologic changes, other physiologic changes in pregnancy such as increased heart rate, stroke volume, and oxygen consumption, and decreased lung capacity may contribute to this increased risk for illness during pregnancy.
Although modeling and simulation will continue to have increasing roles in immunologic research, drug discovery and development, caution should be used when using model predictions in the absence of supporting in-vitro and in-vivo data.
