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"Disturbances that induce displacement from prime winter habitats or increase activity and movement," the report said, "could increase energetic costs to musk oxen in winter".
Shifting metabolic products of plant matter degradation to decrease methanogenesis and increase VFA is desirable within the rumen itself (as it should increase energetic efficiency and decrease greenhouse gas emissions) and in extraruminal bioreactors (as it should foster chain elongation to higher-energy, medium chain-length carboxylates).
Hence, monopolising more than one female would increase energetic costs of males considerably because of aggression from several females and may lead to less exclusive and precise information about female reproductive status (Ribble 2003).
Although there is evidence that natural selection acts on OXPHOS genes, the focus has been on detection of directional (positive) selection on specific phylogenetic branches where traits that increase energetic demands appear to have evolved.
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The decline in these life history traits in this area could reflect a high energy requirement to meet the increased energetic demands for osmoregulation, in particular the increased expression and activity of ion pumps including the Naka.
In its proposal it says: "Sea ice changes will likely negatively impact polar bears by increasing energetic demands of seeking prey.
The researchers also found that even though inflated pufferfish consume as much as five times more oxygen than when they are resting, they do not compensate for their increased energetic demands by absorbing oxygen through their skin.
Lower cost digestion results in increased energetic efficiency (p. 40).
Complete substitution of dietetic starch by maltodextrin provides more glucose for longer, increasing energetic balance.
Snow dramatically increases energetic demands as it is displaced to access underlying forage and when moving among habitat patches.
"We showed that hominins may have been able to meet the increased energetic requirements associated with increasingly large brains via persistent carnivory," says Ferraro.
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