Thus, PTH treatment of OVX rhesus monkeys decreased BMD and stiffness of cortical bone but did not affect peak load, likely because of increased bone size.
► High Bone Mass (HBM) is characterised by increased bone size, cortical BMD, cortical thickness and increased strength strain index.
The increased bone size, together with a lower intracortical porosity, produces higher bone strength and lower bone fragility in men compared to women.
With aging, men experience a lower endocortical resorption and a greater periosteal expansion compared to women. 2 The periosteal apposition may even counteract the cortical thinning produced by endocortical resorption, producing a lower net bone loss compared to women and, most important, an absolute increase in bone size.
This suggests a protective effect of vitamin C on the risk of knee OA since previous studies have suggested that an increase in bone size is a very early response of the knee to known risk factors for knee OA [ 25, 26].
Furthermore, we demonstrated that increased knee height is associated with increased tibial bone size, which supports knee height being inherently linked to bone morphology and may not necessarily be detrimental to other structures, such as cartilage.
In contrast, exercise during childhood and adolescence is associated with increased cortical bone size which persists over years, leading to increased bone mass [ 7, 35]; therefore, increased bone area during growth may reflect adaptive change.
Two modes, spur and veil formation, produce new shapes with only minor increases in bone size.
Physical activity increases cortical bone size in the tibia [ 14], which may influence the tibial surface area due to adaptive mechanisms during growth.
There was a significant increase in cortical bone size in NPY −/− mice.
