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But the guidelines also empower the judge to increase a sentence, based upon the judge's conclusions that the crime may have been more serious than the jury found.
The right to a jury trial, the majority said, does not allow a judge to increase a sentence based on factual findings made only by the judge.
That decision, issued in June 2000, held that any factors that increase a sentence above the ordinary maximum must be charged in the indictment and proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Other aggravating factors, such as a history of prior convictions, can increase a sentence; mitigating factors, such as having a minimal role in the offense in question, can reduce a sentence).
In that ruling, the justices held that factors that increase a sentence beyond the ordinary maximum must be specifically charged in the indictment and not left to a judge's discretion.
Last month the United States Supreme Court struck down provisions of the state's Ethnic Intimidation Act, or hate crimes law, that allowed a judge to increase a sentence in cases in which he or she found any sort of bias as an aggravating circumstance.
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That ruling, which led directly to the Ring decision, held that juries, and not judges, have to determine any fact that increases a sentence above the statutory minimum.
Under federal sentencing guidelines, the judge makes a number of crucial findings that do not necessarily bring a sentence above the statutory maximum, but that can end up increasing a sentence sharply within the statutory range.
When the Supreme Court ruled in a hate-crime case two years ago that juries, rather than judges, had to find "any fact" that increased a sentence beyond the statutory maximum, it tried to exclude the death penalty from that sweeping decision.
Thursday's decision requires any factor that increases a criminal sentence, except for prior convictions, to be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
The Supreme Court decision, issued last Thursday and known as Blakely, requires any factor that increases a criminal sentence, except for prior convictions, to be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
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