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Recently an admin error resulted in an incorrect sum being communicated to a journalist and immediately made public.
While performing inversion (negation) of bits in the upper bound, bit position is needed for the corresponding i because if the inversion is made in the wrong bit position, then we will wind up with incorrect sum bit and thereby will end up with the erroneous output.
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It should be noted that it is statistically incorrect to sum the mean, 95th or 97.5th percentiles over a range of foods as it leads to an unrealistic aggregation of exposure.
Both "pay equity" statistics (although usefully illustrative) and the arguments debunking these statistics (such as Mr. Grothman's "suggestion" that it is more important for men to make money than for women) are distracting and misleading for three reasons: 1) both strongly suggest an incorrect zero-sum, either/or, women v. men framework for the issue.
As will be explained, it is quite possible for an editor to choose correctly by selecting the less common word more often than not, thereby satisfying DLP (P2>0.5), and yet lose much more information than would be lost in making decisions by coin toss (c≤0.5 bits/word because, in sum, incorrect choices lost more information than correct choices gained), implying P1<0.5 and thus contradicting DLP.
Sixteen of the selected studies were analyzed with correct statistical methods (analysis score of 1, 43%), and 21 were analyzed with at least one incorrect statistical method (sum of analysis score 2 and 3, 57%).
Student answers were scored dichotomously (correct or incorrect) and then summed for this ten-item instrument.
Fitness was calculated as the number of correct functional products produced, minus the number of incorrect functional products, summed across all time steps.
Correct answers were given score 1 and incorrect answers 0. The sum was computed and those who scored the mean and above were labelled as "knowledgeable" and those who scored below the mean were labelled as "less knowledgeable".
Since a read can be annotated "Accurate", "Higher", "Incorrect" or "Unassigned", the sum of the percentages in the corresponding part of each row in Table 1 and 2 should be 100%.
Finally, in the description of the plots, the authors state that the red curves represent the deterministic contribution (v2t2) and the black lines the diffusive contribution (2Dt) of the fit to the data (open circles), but this description seems incorrect given that the sum of both contributions is much higher than the real data.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com