Sampling errors can be divided into two classes, incorrect sampling and correct sampling errors.
However, the noise and incorrect sampling for sample data remain a problem [69].
Since samples are only as good as the sampling systems that generate them, incorrect sampling will remain undetected without an examination and evaluation of the sampling systems.
End-user's errors relate to safety, procedure (delayed reading, incorrect sample and buffer volumes) and interpretation (not recognizing invalid test results, disregarding faint test lines).
Of the 78 patients recruited 4 were excluded from the analysis (one because of a coagulated sample, one because an incorrect sample had been harvested [ascitic instead of pleural fluid], and two due to unverifiable patient details).
An underestimation of the PDZ content and the number of duplications with high sequence conservation (some PDZ proteins encode 13 relatively closely related PDZ domains [33]) would lead to an incorrect sampling of the PDZ binding space.
Selection bias may arise from incorrect sampling of medical records.
A different application is as an inherent sample identifier, enabling determination of incorrect sample annotation.
Appraisal of such conventional case-control design in diagnostic accuracy research has been limited due to its problems related to the incorrect sampling of cases and controls [ 3- 7].
