Rock physics models should incorporate phenomena observed in both laboratory core experiments and in the field, such as the nonlinear stress-velocity response (e.g., Nur and Simmons 1969; Sayers 2007; Hatchell and Bourne 2005) and the development of stress-induced anisotropy in initially isotropic rocks (e.g., Dewhurst and Siggins 2006; Olofsson et al. 2003).
In addition, ABMs can incorporate phenomena occurring at different timescales.
So climate change, which incorporates other phenomena such as more violent weather events and sea-level rise, rather than just evident heat, has become the preferred term; but "global warming" may be about to come back into vogue.
A new approach which incorporates these phenomena is presented, and determined to be significantly more accurate.
Importantly, a key characteristic of modern soil classification systems is their multi-scale approach, which incorporates these phenomena scales within their classification hierarchies.
In this case, we use a linear but non-stationary dynamical model for the space-time evolution of the rainfall event, which incorporates physical phenomena like advection, diffusion, and convection [20, 21].
We mention, in particular, the recent formulation by El-Azab which incorporates statistical phenomena such as cross-slip (Xia and El-Azab 2015) and time averaging (Xia et al. 2016) and has shown promising results in modelling dislocation pattern formation.
It incorporates important phenomena occurring during coal devolatilization, namely heat transfer from the bed to the surface of the coal particle, heat transfer inside the devolatilizing coal particle, primary decomposition reactions, transport of released volatiles from the coal matrix to the surface of the coal particle, and devolatilization-induced fragmentation.
A caveat is that the extent to which such ODE-based model simplifications can replicate the dynamics of richer IBM that incorporate phenomena such as cell-cell interactions is not known.
The risk analysis may incorporate complex phenomena such as the domino effect and possible impacts on vulnerable material and human elements.
