Exact(2)
By placing disease into a framework developed for community ecology, our synthesis highlights areas ripe for progress, including a theoretical framework that incorporates host dynamics, spatial structuring and evolutionary processes, as well as the data needed to test the predictions of such a model.
Community- and population-based molecular epidemiologic studies of isoniazid-monoresistant M. tuberculosis (6 – 8 ) have shown that specific resistance-conferring mutations are associated with variable degrees of genotypic clustering, a measure of strain pathogenicity that incorporates host factors, transmissibility of the organism, and capacity of the organism to cause active disease.
Similar(58)
ASFV pB119L demonstrates the potential of large double-stranded DNA viruses, which have faster mutation rates than their hosts and the tendency to incorporate host genes, to pioneer new protein folds and self-assembly modes.
A potential limitation of incorporating host response markers into the classifier is lack of specificity.
Host genomes are also potential sources of genes for viruses, as viral genomes are known to incorporate host genes.
Nontypeable H. influenzae strains are able to evade host immune defenses by incorporating host sialic acid and choline into their LPS, thereby mimicking host cell surfaces [ 68, 69].
Population-based studies incorporating host and environmental data are needed to further clarify the effect of race and ethnicity on DR prevalence [ 24]. *Year of publication; DR – Diabetic Retinopathy.
Population-based studies incorporating host and environmental data are needed to further clarify the effect of race and ethnicity on DR prevalence.
This work highlights the importance of incorporating host and pathogen evolution into models predicting the spread of disease across space, and emphasizes the potential for differential parasite-mediated selection across a host metapopulation.
Although poxviruses are known to have incorporated host genes into their genomes to subvert the host immune system (3 ), bats and poxviruses may also serve as facilitators in the horizontal transfer of transposable elements to other species (4 – 6 ).
Furthermore, investigators should be aware that the xenograft models can incorporate host (non-human) glycolipids, possibly altering the biochemical and immunogenic properties of the model (Ecsedy et al., 1999).
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