Although our calculations exclude explicit incorporation of these effects, they indicate that managing Baltic cod fisheries for sustainable yields will require an integrated approach which incorporates ecosystem components such as predator-prey interactions, climate-hydrographic forcing and eutrophication [13], [18], [22], [27], [69].
Academicians and government officials have advocated incorporating ecosystem services into environmental policy-making processes.
In addition, we compare the extent to which the plans incorporate ecosystem services (both concepts and language) into their goal setting, fact base, policies, and public participation process.
Few studies appear to incorporate ecosystem services, possibly due to the inconsistency and absence of the use of universally accepted classifications.
As fisheries management moves beyond species-specific utilitarian objectives to incorporate ecosystem and conservation goals, ecologists must address how common management practices alter food-web structure and subsequent ecosystem-level effects.
The final section describes three exciting recent developments - the growing interest of conservation and land trust organizations to integrate ecosystem services into their central missions, the launching of an ecosystem marketplace on the web, and negotiations to incorporate ecosystem service markets explicitly into the 2007 Farm Bill.
This general framework highlights the need to incorporate ecosystem- and community-level properties and processes more frequently into assessments of the sustainability of NTFP harvest especially for widespread and common species to ensure that their important economic and ecological roles are maintained.
To attain this, they must address the structural flaws in their certification process and commit to incorporating ecosystem objectives for marine and terrestrial environments.
Thus, current strategies need to incorporate ecosystem, together with population and community-level assessments to evaluate the sustainable exploitation of marine ecosystems.
Addressing the unintended negative impacts of health interventions on biodiversity (e.g.,: antibiotic resistance, contamination from pharmaceuticals), incorporating ecosystem concerns into public health policies, and addressing the unintended negative impacts of biodiversity interventions on health (e.g.,: effect of protected areas on access to food, medicinal plants, etc).
It then describes ecosystem services, how they relate to ecological restoration, and how restoration ecology incorporates an ecosystem service viewpoint into on-the-ground restoration projects.
