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This model simultaneously incorporates difficulty and discrimination of the items or test as a whole and therefore encompasses much more information in items or OSCE stations than does either a Rasch model (single parameter - difficulty) or conventional classical test theory analyses.
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The production incorporates the difficulty that the mind of an actor — or a director or a translator — has in wrapping itself around someone else's words, especially when they were written in an alien language more than a century ago.
We suggest that during videolaryngoscopy a grading scheme that incorporates the difficulty encountered during passage of the endotracheal tube should be used.
An IRT based model does not use observed sub-scale scores but incorporates item difficulty with sub-scale score providing an estimated score of the latent trait (e.g. foot function, foot related pain); theta.
It is shown how the influence of gravity can be incorporated without difficulty in the previously developed "structural mechanics method" [1] for the analysis of uniaxial vibration of compressible fluids in piping systems.
As for me, I've begun to incorporate desirable difficulty into my life.
This result could be expected because IMS is the only imputation method (with WORST) that does not incorporate the difficulty of the items in the imputation process.
To our knowledge, this is the first larger-scale study of children using an overt language production task that requires no literacy skills or metalinguistic demands, and that incorporates multiple levels of difficulty and baseline conditions.
The enormous increase of biological data incorporates another element of difficulty because statistics, without losing its relevance, has moved to the background leaving in the foreground a space for complex heuristics.
To handle all the difficulties, MUST incorporates a particle swarm optimization algorithm to approximate the tradeoff surface consisting of non-dominated solutions.
Firms are not modeled as having an explicit role, but there is a group of ingredients which incorporates the barriers and difficulties that workers have to deal with, such as probability of losing their job (λ j (S)), probability of finding a job (ϕ j (S)), and the costs of obtaining formal employment ((mathbb {C}^{Fk})).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com