In treated animals nick end-incorporated nucleotides immune-fluorescent green staining for evaluation of apoptosis showed a large reduction of intensely green apoptotic epithelial cells with respect to nonapoptotic cells stained with DAPI.
Finally, GM-CSF, which has long been associated with HIV-1 production in monocytes [50], [51], [52], was more recently introduced as an adjunctive therapy for leukopenia in HIV-1-infected individuals (reviewed in [53]) and was found to increase immune responses when incorporated as an adjuvant in certain next-generation HIV-1 vaccine candidates [54], [55].
We also did not differentiate between different types of immune effectors or incorporated cross-reactivity or bystander effects.
However, if potential effects on herpes zoster are incorporated, as suggested by the immune boosting hypothesis of Hope-Simpson, vaccination is either not cost-effective or cost-effective on a very long time scale of several decades.
As to the main results in Song et al. [21], Theorem 4.1 gives a confirmative answer that there are no sustained oscillations to occur when the immune response is not incorporated with time delay.
Building upon the monocyte immune response model, we incorporated the effect of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) into the full model.
In other words, the parenteral immunization strategy that incorporated aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant promoted Th2 responses to rEF-Tu, while the mucosal administration of rEF-Tu with CpG polarized the immune response towards Th1.
Our previous study demonstrated that hexon-incorporated model antigens elicit a range of immune responses depending on antigen placement or antigen size at either the HVR2 or HVR5 locales.
DCs activated by chemical cues incorporated in the scaffold can evoke potent adaptive immune responses.
The peak immune response was observed with the capsid incorporated MPER vectors at 54 d.p.p, which also corresponds to 14 days post-boost (d.p.b).
