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Our simulations consider large genome lengths and incorporate mutation, infection of cells by multiple virions, recombination, fitness selection, and epistatic interactions between multiple loci, thereby presenting a detailed description of the evolution of viral diversity and divergence in infected individuals [32].
Finally, 27.1% of all students (group 4) did not incorporate mutation into their models on either exam.
Simulation model incorporate mutation into the process by selecting a position and nucleotide-swap uniformly at random.
On the basis of this evidence, we would have predicted that students may incorporate mutation with similar or lower frequency in their final (wolf, trait loss) than in their midterm (mosquito, trait gain) model.
We observed, however, that students who did not incorporate mutation on the midterm but only on the final exam (group 2) used less accurate propositions than their group 1 peers.
During the course, students received explicit feedback on the importance of including mutation in their models to explain origin of variation but were not specifically instructed on whether to incorporate mutation as a structure or as a behavior.
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RNA-based viruses, such as influenza and HIV, incorporate mutations in their genomes at the brisk rate of one change per 105 bases each time they replicate (the error rate in our own genome is one per ∼1010 bases) (1).
This method uses two primers to incorporate mutations into the same strand of DNA by in vitro DNA synthesis with T4 DNA polymerase [ 40].
The catalytically inactive mutant of human Pol κ (Dead Pol κ) was constructed by using Quick Change (Stratagene) according to manufacturer's instructions to incorporate mutations (D198A and E199A).
Rather than give rise to this type of stable ecological diversification, the much lower concentration of glucose (and therefore acetate) in the LTEE appears to have largely favored the success of generalists that incorporate mutations that improve growth on both substrates.
Sing and Mahapatra have incorporated mutation strategy to PSO to maintain the diversity in the population.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com