The aetiology is incompletely understood and thought to be multifactorial in nature, with both predisposing and precipitating factors implicated.
The protective mechanisms of RIPostC are incompletely understood, but are thought to involve three intimately inter-related pathways initiated by the release of a number of endogenous autocoids (including adenosine, bradykinin, opioids) from the ischaemic skeletal muscle.
Although the pathological effects of NTHi infection in CF patients remain incompletely understood, it is thought that the inflammation caused by these infections may predispose the host to later infection with P. aeruginosa.
The mechanisms by which vascular disease and its risk factors cause pathology and how such changes impact cognitive function are incompletely understood but are thought to depend on age, disease co-morbidity, lifestyle and genetic susceptibility and predisposition.
Although the physiological function of NET formation is incompletely understood, NETs are thought to function as a pro-inflammatory form of cell death, known as NETosis, that links the innate and adaptive immune responses.
The essential contribution of NRP-1 to vascular development and neovascularization is also well documented [ 11] and, although its mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood, it is thought to regulate cell-surface-receptor clustering and signalling in a ligand-dependent manner.
Although the etiology of NEC is incompletely understood, contributing factors are thought to include immature intestinal motility and barrier function, inappropriate initial gut microbial colonization and perinatal hypoxia/ischemia [76].
The events leading to fetal HPA activation are incompletely understood but it is thought that placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a central role [ 13].
The pathogenic mechanisms for arteriovenous dysfunction are incompletely understood, but it is thought that thrombosis resulting from stenosis due to neointimal hyperplasia is the main cause of arteriovenous dysfunction [ 7- 9].
In nature, the 2 subspecies are thought to be maintained in distinct but incompletely defined cycles (10 – 10 ).
