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Even though pRFδ is lacking several of the important genes suspected in plasmid replication and maintenance, the presence of other genes identical to pRF would likely result in plasmid incompatibility, either by conflict in maintenance, replication or regulation of copy number.
This study revealed that hybrid sterility, which was previously thought to be due to deleterious epistatic interactions between genes from different species, had different underlying causes and dominant genic incompatibility either did not make any contribution or could be overcome by tetraploidy in yeast [ 139].
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Incompatibility arises either by conflict in common replication or maintenance elements found in each unique plasmid, or by interference with the ability to correct stochastic fluctuations in copy number of the co-resident plasmids [82].
Our findings in the spiny-gallery contact zone now contradict strict incompatibility of either species' mitochondrial genome with a hybridized nuclear background.
Our results are consistent with these dominance effects; however, if faster-male effects solely explain the incompatibilities in this cross, then hybrid females are not expected to suffer from incompatibilities either.
This paradigm capitalized on the use of controlled facial expressions as a response modality to generate S-R incompatibility that was either emotional or non-emotional in nature.
This suggests either incompatibility of these two species with A. tabida or they evolved a different defense mechanism against (some) parasitoids.
In both over-dominance and positive epistasis, the interaction between the two alleles leads to a greater fitness, while in the case of under-dominance or epistatic incompatibility, removing either allele increases fitness.
This result suggests strong selection against maternally-inherited markers, which may indicate either mitonuclear incompatibilities and/or female choice against heterospecific matings typical of avian hybrid systems, despite jacana sex role reversal.
Specifically, reduced pollen fertility in hybrid plants may be due to either genetic incompatibilities among the parents or the presence of chromosome structural heterozygosity leading to unbalanced meiotic products and the production of nonviable gametes (Heiser 1947; Bouck 2004; Arnold 2006).
However, if fusion occurs between strains that contain alternative specificities at heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci, either the fusion cell is walled off and rapidly killed or the growth of the heterokaryon is inhibited (Glass and Kaneko 2003; Aanen et al. 2010).
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