But complex strategies can be employed, including comparing the output of subsystems of a simulation to relevant experiments (Parker, forthcoming; Oberkampf and Roy 2010).
The study's author, Cal State San Bernardino professor Brian Levin, acknowledged limitations to his findings, including comparing disparate data sets.
Gray said her analysis involved all kinds of brain twisters, including comparing the White House with 10 Downing St., the home of U.K.'s prime minister.
Two-tailed tests with a significant level of 5% were used throughout the analysis including comparing mean pain VAS scores.
Meta-analyses comparing RCTs and observational studies have been conducted with varying aims including comparing treatment effects [ 111], adverse effects of treatments [ 112, 113] and prognostic factors [ 114].
Items are more expensive, in part, because of the current exchange rate — a Big Mac in Paris costs $4.95, tax included, compared with $4.12 in New York.
She said the coalition had spent £1.7bn over the last parliament on defences when emergency funds were included, compared with £1.5bn over the last Labour parliament.
"In fact, it's larger this year," he said, noting that 164 exhibitors are included, compared with 151 in the previous year.
Indian chemists are well trained and cheap to employ, at an average of $60,000 a year, all costs included, compared with $250,000 in America.
As in the present case, the individual mandate that compels coverage but leaves open a number of choices would be "lesser included" compared to a tax.
