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By searching for changes in the structure of populations that includes the ratio of keystone, weedy and canary species, we were able to detect a clear signal of an impending collapse many years, sometimes decades before the actual event.
The factors considered were the composition of the aqueous phase, which includes the ratio of m-phenyldiamine (MPDA) to hydroquinone (HQ) as monomer ratio, percent of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a catalyst and percent of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an acid acceptor.
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Indicators for this field include the ratio of international to domestic students; international to domestic staff; and international collaboration.
When multifamily dwellings are included, the ratio shifts to one unit for every 61 residents of Atlanta, compared with one unit for every 378 in the New York region.
It also happens to include the ratio of precisely one, the Einsteinian figure for which the odds are still shortest.
If global employees are included, the ratio will be exaggerated by relatively low-paid employees in less-developed countries.
Alternative dependent variables are suggested including the ratio of the conditional collapse probability for the damaged and intact buildings.
These include the ratio of patients to staff; the qualifications of staff members; and what a home must disclose about its fee structure, financial stability and discharge policies for patients who become too ill or run out of money.
The real valuation of Facebook is probably somewhere between $15 billion and $3.75 billion, and depends on all sorts of information we do not have, including the ratio of common stock to the various classes of preferred shares and other securities.
The variables including the ratio of lipids (X1), the ratio of surfactants (X2), drug/lipid ratio (X3), time of sonication (X4) and time of homogenization (X5).
We used several standard metrics as proxies for long-term behavior, including the ratio of capital expenditures to depreciation (a measure of investment), accruals as a share of revenue (an indicator of earnings quality), and margin growth.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com