Furthermore the basic two fluid model has been modified to take into account terms arising from the volume fraction fluctuations including pressure gradients.
Isolation design included a pressure gradient from the clean (e.g., nurses' station or change room) to the less clean (patient room), including buffer zones to achieve the desired conditions.
In addition, the driving force for the magma with volatiles include the pressure gradient in the conduit and the volume expansion due to gas bubble growth.
A fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is used for the time integration, with the diffusion terms treated implicitly and all other terms (including the pressure gradient) treated explicitly.
We show that grain shape has a significant effect on the dynamics of the fluidised bed, including increased pressure gradients within the bed and lower fluidisation velocities when compared to beds of spherical particles.
We assume the isothermal equation of state (P=c_s^2rho _{rm g}), where (rho _{rm g}) is the gas density, (c_{rm s}) is the isothermal sound speed that is assumed constant, and P is the local pressure, which does not include the global pressure gradient; the effect of the global pressure gradient is included in constant parameter (eta) (see Bai and Stone 2010a for details).
Previous authors have not included the nonlinear pressure gradient term in the nonlinear diffusivity equation for fractures, or homogeneous systems.
In the modified equation that is developed to account for the gas pressure, a term including the gas pressure gradient at this surface appears.
Characteristics like flow pattern, pattern transition including phase-inversion, pressure gradient across the flow, effective viscosity and heat transfer are discussed.
The approach, which is applicable to compressible turbulent flows, incorporates elements of smoothed particle hydrodynamics to extract mean quantities from the particles, including the mean pressure gradient.
