3. Students will understand the role of evolution in infectious diseases, including evolution of antibiotic and antiviral resistance.
The Lepidoptera have developed a number of strategies for defense and protection, including evolution of morphological characters and changes in ecological lifestyles and behaviors.
Examples include evolution of terrestrial larval habits by damselflies in the Hawaiian, New Caledonian, and Pohnpeian faunas [11], [12], raptorial carnivory in Hawaiian caterpillars [13], and colonization of land by Caribbean truncatellid snails [14] and Jamaican sesarmid crabs [15].
Mutational hotspotting can promote evolution, including evolution of tumors and pathogens, in important ways.
However, in fact, the same laws rule the evolution of any trait whose biological value (selection coefficient) depends on its frequency in the population[ 14], including evolution of many ontogenetical traits[ 15].
Tissue necrosis after radiotherapy may be difficult to differentiate from recurrent tumour; in such circumstances, patient management mainly depends on the combination of clinical and imaging findings, including evolution of time.
Some notable approaches include evolution of a fermenting microorganism to a whole hydrolysate containing high content of inhibitors [ 17] or to a defined media supplemented with one or more synthetic inhibitors [ 18].
The reasons for these differences between the two trials are not readily apparent and may include evolution of the clinical approach and management over the years as well as distinctive features of the two study populations.
These include evolution of specialization and generalization (Whitlock 1996; Kelley and Farrell, 1998), sympatric speciation (Rice 1987; Dieckman and Doebeli, 1999; Kondrashov and Kondrashov, 1999), host shifts (Knowles et al., 1999; Groman and Pellmyr, 2000), and parasite-host and plant-herbivore co-evolution (Futuyma and Mitter, 1996; Forbes et al., 2009).
