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One of the emerging therapeutic approaches involves modulation of cellular energetics that includes activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of intracellular energy metabolism (Shirwany and Zou, 2014).
Several reports show that sulindac and its metabolites exhibit pronounced pro-apoptotic activity in cancer cell lines and animal models and this includes activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways [ 10– 17].
In particular, one function that has been ascribed includes activation of mTOR signalling via the TORC1 complex [ 36], a pathway commonly activated by diverse mechanisms in pHGG [ 18].
The DNA damage response pathway includes activation of the transcription factor and tumor repressor p53, leading to cell cycle arrest [54].
This includes activation of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms aiming at the transfer of the cells into a regenerative state through the induction of the appropriate gene programs.
The short-term response of Nipponbare seedlings to iron excess, includes activation of genes involved in iron homeostasis, in particular transporters, transcription factors and ROS detoxification in the leaves, but also many transposable elements.
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These include activation of compensatory pathways and altered activities of key effectors in other cell survival and growth-associated pathways.
Through these receptors, PACAP leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP, which activates PKA and produces vasodilation by several mechanisms including activation of KATP channels (Fig. 4) [45].
"The consortium will continue to monitor market conditions and remain committed to work collaboratively on any appropriate solutions, including activation of the M-LEC, if needed," the group said in a statement.
Additional targets of miR-30 include activation of the β-adrenergic pathway (specifically β1AR and β2AR).
Cellular responses to PM-induced oxidative stress include activation of antioxidant defense, inflammation, and toxicity.
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