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In addition, an observational study always includes a high risk of random bias.
Psychotropic pharmacotherapy in the elderly includes a high risk of side effects, particularly in impaired renal or hepatic function.
The validity of clinical cohort studies concerning medical devices is limited and includes a high risk of misinterpretation (Labek et al. 2011a, b).
However, this kind of analysis includes a high risk of false results; type I as well as type II errors [ 7, 8].
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Heparin-based anticoagulation for patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has many limitations, including a high risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
This was reached using standard GRADE criteria, including a high risk of selection bias (due to inadequate methods of generating the random sequence and concealing treatment allocation, and the lack of baseline data), and the statistical uncertainty given that the result did not reach standard levels of statistical significance (95%).
The study design and the inclusion of rollover patients included a high risk for confounding by indication.
The immediate post-hospitalization period represents a particularly high-risk time for adverse events [ 16, 17], including a high risk for falls [ 12, 13].
Key exclusion criteria included a high risk of bleeding (history of a bleeding diathesis, recent active bleeding, or treatment with a vitamin K antagonist) or active hepatobiliary disease.
In later disease stages, the disease shares various phenotypic similarities with AMD, including a high risk for developing choroidal neovascularization or chorioretinal atrophy of the macular region [ 12].
3 In particular, cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in socioeconomically deprived people and groups, including a high risk of stroke, renal failure and hypertension.
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