The indirect effects of oppression include the harms of shame and loss of self-esteem (Cudd 2006, 176 8; compare Benson 1994, 657 9), which in turn can lead to self-doubt, and the loss of self-confidence and self-trust.
As randomised trials might be the only way to resolve the extent of overtreatment, researchers in countries that have not yet implemented breast cancer screening should consider trials that include the harms of screening.
Several candidate principles of criminalization are critically discussed (§6), including the Harm Principle, and the claim that the criminal law should be concerned with 'public', rather than merely 'private', wrongs.
This includes the Harm Reduction program.
Against this, we have not included the harms from radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
It also ignores the wider social problems created by alcohol, including the harms caused to children and families [ 20].
And finally, the hallowed medical dictum "Do no harm" is now seen to include the possible harm of keeping patients alive and suffering longer than nature, their God, or first and foremost whatever they might want for themselves.
A number of civil society groups criticized the session's outcome document for failing to include the words "harm reduction," or proscribe the death penalty for drug crimes.
Other plausible explanations include the possible harm of overly aggressive treatment with sulfonylureas and insulin in the early stages of the disease.
The harms of misdiagnoses include the direct emotional harm to individual patients arising from incorrect and stigmatising diagnoses and unnecessary partner notification, 24 25 as well as the possibility of physical harm in the rare event that the unnecessary treatment causes side effects.
