We conclude that frequent clearing of productive sites can enhance plant biodiversity – including richness of insect-pollinated species – and mitigate the loss of species associated with semi-natural grasslands.
The sexes also differed in their seasonal patterns of semiochemical diversity, as reflected by three indices, including Richness (which refers to the number of observed semiochemicals) and the Simpson and Shannon indices (which both correct for semiochemical abundance, see Methods and [ 36]).
Metrics include species richness for all vertebrates, specific taxon groups, harvestable species (i.e., upland game, waterfowl, furbearers, small game, and big game), threatened and endangered species, and state-designated species of greatest conservation need, and also a metric for ecosystem (i.e., land cover) diversity.
It doesn't diminish the greatness of Einstein to include the richness of the scientific process that led him to his famous equation.
We are aware of approaches to include species richness and composition into the same model when, as is the case here, information about the performance of individual species in mixtures is missing [ 22, 23].
These components include species richness (the number of species), species evenness (their relative abundance), species composition (their taxonomic or functional nature) and non-additive effects (their interactions) as well as the spatial and temporal variations of those patterns [ 22].
They include: haplotype richness (hR), the total number of haplotypes; Watterson's theta (θw), which is a measure of nucleotide polymorphism equivalent to 2 Neμ (in a haploid population) and an estimate of the effective population size [ 63]; and π, the pairwise nucleotide diversity [ 64].
Diversity measures (dependent variables) included total richness (taxonomic and functional), native richness (taxonomic and functional), invasive richness (taxonomic and functional), and cryptogenic richness.
Information measures belong to a spectrum (or q profile) of measures whose contrasting properties provide a rich summary of diversity, including allelic richness (q = 0), Shannon information (q = 1), and heterozygosity (q = 2).
For biomass, LAI and LAR we further fitted alternative models including species richness instead of sward type, to compare the effects of species richness (one aspect of species composition) on our subplots with those obtained on seeded experimental plots.
