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These include increased expression of general stress response regulator σ70, and alternate factor σ28 (FliA) that could function to positively regulate flagellar synthesis as observed in B. subtilis (Helmann et al., 1988).
These include increased expression of TRAIL-Rs, enhanced activation of caspase-8, stabilisation of BH3-only proteins, inactivation of XIAP or induction of p53 or p21.
Some examples include increased expression of CLDN3 and CLDN4 in prostate and uterine cancers [ 4, 5], and high CLDN4 expression in pancreatic cancer [ 6, 7].
These include increased expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and ergosterol biosynthesis, and decreased expression of genes involved in cellular respiration and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Additional file 11).
In Drosophila muscles, additional age-induced responses include increased expression of the mitochondrial chaperones Hsp22 and Hsp23, which are small heat shock proteins whose induction is likely to indicate the activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Wheeler et al., 1995), a transcriptional stress response that deals with misfolded proteins in mitochondria.
These include increased expression of a hypoxic gene signature in 10 of 21 patients (Mehta et al, 2011), increased immunohistochemical staining for CA9 and HIF averaging a threefold increase in 9 of 21 tumours (DeLay et al, 2012) and increased, relative tumour hypoxia as analysed by high-resolution T2 and T2′ mapping (Hattingen et al, 2011).
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These included increased expression of all major groups of cytokines that are part of the vertebrate immune system; interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines (Table 2).
These included increased expression of known proto-oncogenes, such as Kras[ 9, 10] and Rras[ 10], and the oncomiR microRNA-155 [ 11- 13], as well as suppression of the expression of Socs1, a known tumor suppressor [ 14].
These include increased expression in WT cells of proteins involved in coenzyme metabolic processes and altered expression (both increase and decrease) of certain proteins that modify chromatin or are involved in protein transport.
Alterations include the increased expression of FcRγ, Syk, and phospholipase C PLCC)γ, with decreased expression of the lymphocyte kinase Lck.
Two suggested mechanisms include the increased expression of multidrug transporters, and changes in the expression of the β-tubulin isoforms [ 77].
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