Punitive policies, including criminalization of drug use, sex work and homosexuality, drive those at risk away from the help they need.
The core constructs and intrinsic relationships of ecosocial theory provide a means to better understand structural factors that influence HIV antiretroviral adherence, including criminalization of HIV exposure/transmission.
Key modifying factors in the course of health seeking behavior and access among MSM included criminalization of homosexuality, social stigma, limited health resources, and cues to action (see next Results section).
The US, led by Anslinger, had attempted to include the criminalization of all activities in the treaty – cultivation, production, manufacture and distribution – related to the use of opium, coca (and its derivatives) and cannabis for non-medical and non-scientific purposes.
These fears, stoked in large part by panic over immigration and race, led to strict controls on supply, including complete criminalization of opium and heroin.
Part of that agenda includes the criminalization of "immoral" activities, like gambling, drinking, as well as the sanctioning of honor killings of women who commit adultery.
However, critics state that many key suggestions of the commission have been ignored, including the criminalization of marital rape and trying military personnel accused of sexual offences under criminal law.
Earlier this month, the United Nations called on the U.S. "to take urgent action on the alarming situation in North Dakota, including the criminalization of indigenous peoples in their peaceful attempts to safeguard their human rights and fundamental rights".
Homelessness has reached such crisis levels that a United Nations expert sent to investigate poverty and inequality in the U.S. included the criminalization of homelessness in an extensive report released last Friday.
While many are celebrating, some activists, lawyers, and experts don't feel the bill goes far enough in undoing the harms caused by prohibition, including the criminalization of young people and people of colour.
