A summary of included studies can be seen in Table 2. Three trials were judged not to include a high risk of bias (Drouin et al, 2005; Cadmus et al, 2009; Bourke et al, 2011b).
Patients were required to fulfil two high-risk surgical criteria according to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI); these include a high risk type of surgery, presence of ischaemic heart disease, history of congestive heart failure, history of cerebrovascular disease, insulin therapy for diabetes and pre-operative serum creatinine > 160 μmol/L [ 21].
Health effects in adults could include a higher risk of cancer, Young said.
Some impacts of climate change include a higher risk of flooding and changes to crop yields and water availability.
Intrapartum and neonatal challenges of triplet pregnancy include a higher risk of respiratory distress [ 9] and a known association between intratriplet birthweight discordance and overall neonatal mortality [ 10].
For infants, these include a higher risk of fetal malformation, premature birth, high or low infant birth weight, admission to neonatal intensive care, and in some cases infant death [ 3- 5, 8].
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association between diabetes and HF are still unclear but may include a higher risk of atherosclerosis and microvascular dysfunction (7), deposition of interstitial myocardial fibrosis (8), and specific neurohumoral deregulations (9).
Depression affects a considerable proportion (12 25 %) of adolescents and so-called emerging adults (ages of 18 and 25) [ 1], and has clinical and psychosocial implications that include a higher risk of suicide, substance abuse, social adjustment problems, reduced academic performance, lower career satisfaction, and a greater risk of severe mental disorder in adult life [ 2, 3].
Adverse effects of air pollutants on human health are currently a serious concern and have been shown to include a higher risk for cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases., The skin is another organ which as outermost barrier is in direct contact with various air pollutants and thus the association between air pollution and skin damaging effects leading to skin aging is most likely.
Heparin-based anticoagulation for patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has many limitations, including a high risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
This was reached using standard GRADE criteria, including a high risk of selection bias (due to inadequate methods of generating the random sequence and concealing treatment allocation, and the lack of baseline data), and the statistical uncertainty given that the result did not reach standard levels of statistical significance (95%).
