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Therefore, a potential for strong exclusionary mechanisms by inter-specific pathogen competition to limit the persistence of incipient host shifts should be addressed by additional studies.
Incipient host shifts by Microbotryum have been reported onto S. vulgaris from S. latifolia [ 18, 42] and onto Gypsophila repens from the closely related Petrorhagia saxifraga [ 43].
In parasites, speciation is usually linked to the evolutionary history of their host species, with host speciation inducing parasite speciation when each incipient host species has inherited parasite populations that subsequently diverge from a common ancestor [ 4].
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Our strategy involved directly introducing tadalafil as guest molecule into microporous silica as host material by incipient wetness impregnation method.
The evolution of specific host races is thought to represent the incipient stage of sympatric speciation which is perhaps best exemplified through the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) [ 56- 58].
The varying degrees of reproductive isolation among the D. mojavensis subspecies, and between D. mojavensis and D. arizonae, have facilitated use of this system as a model to study incipient speciation and the chronology of lineage divergence processes that accompany ecological host shifts.
Combined with high mortality rates in the field for incipient colonies, this provides partial support for our hypothesis that foliar endophytes defend their host plants from leaf-cutter ant attack.
Disruptive processes involving the mussel hosts and their obligate endosymbionts might contribute to partial isolation and incipient speciation of these mussels.
Pakistan could derail the incipient peace talks with the Taliban, increase its support to the insurgent elements it hosts on its soil to spur further violence in Afghanistan or employ militant groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba to strike more frequently in India or on Indian assets inside Afghanistan.
Sob! Garry, who knows his audience as he knows every incipient wrinkle on his forehead, is quickly unencumbered of Miss Stillington, this morning's problem, but a host of other torments are soon assailing him.
Strong selection to optimize incipient aerobic bioenergetics led the proto-eukaryote to progressively control activities of the alphaproteobacterium via establishment of host-encoded protein sorting systems in the endosymbiont [ 61].
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