Around one third of stroke patients develop a language disorder and the incidence of aphasic language disturbances is estimated to lie at around 3000 per million inhabitants (0.37%), which is twice that of Parkinson's disease (Elman, Ogar, & Elman, 2000; Simmons-Mackie, Code, Armstrong, Stiegler, & Elman, 2002).
Bilateral organization could be accounted for by compensatory processes in response to seizures during development (Gleissner et al., 2002), also reflected in increased incidence of atypical language representation (Janszky et al., 2003).
Reorganization of function also occurs in TLE due to unilateral HS with a higher incidence of atypical language dominance being demonstrated in patients with left TLE (Springer et al., 1999; Adcock et al., 2003), and earlier age of onset of epilepsy being associated with more bilateral language activation (Brazdil et al., 2005).
Although most infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) are asymptomatic at birth, they present lower capacity for habituation to auditory stimuli in foetal and neonatal life, 1 lower IQ scores and impaired verbal development later in life, as well as a higher incidence of motor and language disorders, attention deficit and hyperactivity.
Cohort studies irrespective of language and publication status, comparing the incidence of NODAT in renal recipients with ADPKD and other kidney disease will be eligible.
According to a study carried out in Australia, workers from non-native language speaking backgrounds showed a higher and more persistent incidence of overeducation than those from native-language speaking backgrounds (Kler, 2005).
Language (proportionately higher incidence of all signs of dysfluency in children referred as stuttering compared to controls) and genetic factors (family history of the disorder) seem the most clearcut indications at these ages.
Other factors also keep the numbers down, including poverty, language barriers, a high incidence of obesity and diabetes among Hispanics, and a high dropout rate.
Sharing outside of language.
