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In this case the emerging ray travels along the glass surface, and the sine of the angle of incidence inside the glass, known as the critical angle, is then equal to the reciprocal of the refractive index of the material.
When a ray of light emerges obliquely from glass into air, the angle of refraction between ray and normal is greater than the angle of incidence inside the glass, and at a sufficiently high obliquity the angle of refraction can actually reach 90°.
The Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) demonstrated that, while it was underway, proactive badger (Meles meles) culling reduced bovine tuberculosis (TB) incidence inside culled areas but increased incidence in neighboring areas, suggesting that the costs of such culling might outweigh the benefits.
Cumulative incidence inside the clusters was 12.8/10,000 population compared with 0.96/10,000 population outside the clusters.
The relative risk (RR) was calculated as the ratio of the incidence inside a cluster area to the incidence outside a cluster area [ 10].
The cumulative incidence inside the secondary high-risk spatial cluster was 14.5 per 100,000 persons (range 10.2-18.2) (Table 3).
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The receiver mode is specified by a position vector, an orientation unit vector, a receiving effective area, and field of view, defined as a scalar angle such that a receiver only detect light radiation whose angle of incidence is inside the FOV.
In group A, injury incidence was higher for inside and outside backs compared with groups B (p=0.008) and C (p=0.040).
Prevention strategies aimed at older individuals, such as strength and/or gait training, reduction in tripping hazards, typically emphasise the risk-reduction of incidences occurred inside the home only.
The increasing use of ECMO drives a progressive improvement of pumps and circuits, e.g., centrifugal pumps and heparin coating, reducing the incidence of thrombosis inside the device, seemingly allowing a reduction of anticoagulation [4].
Previous studies have demonstrated that the experimental reduction of badger density by culling over large (≥100 km2) tracts of land lowers the incidence of bTB inside proactively culled areas [36], [48] but increases the incidence on land outside but within 2 km of the area culled [36], [40].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com