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This shift from reactive control during no-incentive trials to proactive control during incentive trials was observed in conjunction with behavioral improvement in incentive trials.
Specifically in this task, the observed shift from reactive control during no-incentive trials to proactive control during incentive trials likely reflects a change in mnemonic strategies to enhance performance.
In contrast, on incentive trials, activity peaked much earlier, presumably during the encoding or delay period (see Figure 5C).
Additionally, faster RTs in high incentive compared to low incentive trials were observed (t 30) = 4.22, p<0.001).
On incentive trials, incentives were delivered only when performance was accurate, and reaction times were faster than a cutoff value.
A 2-way (2×3) ANOVA including the factors category (Money vs. Liquid) and magnitude (high vs. low vs. no-incentive trials) revealed a significant main effect of incentive magnitude (F 2,29) = 20.56, p<0.001, Figure 2) demonstrating faster RT for incentive trials compared to no-incentive trials.
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As demonstrated by the time courses from this region (Fig. 5), adolescents compared with adults had greater evoked activity for both incentive trial types.
On no-incentive trials activation peaked late in the trial, presumably around the time of the response and feedback.
This would maximize the chance of receiving a reward, whereas such a strategy may not have been implemented during the no-incentive trials.
Age correlated with net reward-anticipatory signal change (calculated as difference from non-incentive trials) in the right NAcc (Spearman r = .35, p<.05; Figure 7, part E), but not in left NAcc (Figure 7, Part F).
In the liquid condition, the identical regions instead showed a shift in transient activation from a reactive control pattern (primary probe-based activation) during no-incentive trials to proactive control (primary cue-based activation) during rewarded trials.
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