Having a psychiatric diagnosis was associated with increasing age (P =.001), homelessness (P =.001), and incarceration (P =.001).
Stratified analyses with bivariate logistic regression showed no significant difference between physically aggressive and physically non-aggressive inmates with respect to marital status (p ≤ 0.84), criminal record (p ≤ 0.23), index offense (p ≤ 0.65), age at the beginning of incarceration (p ≤ 0.46), time spent in the institution (p ≤ 0.07), and vocational education (p ≤ 0.75).
*p < 0.05; NBp = 0.07; Multiple logistic regression analyses are controlled for age of the child, educational level of the parents, single-parenting; Ethnicity (native Dutch = 0, Moroccan = 1, reference category = native Dutch), Incarceration (non-incarcerated = 0, incarcerated = 1, reference category = non-incarcerated).
As expected based on self-reported CJS treatment mandates, CJS-mandated and CJS-recommended reported significantly higher rates of recent incarceration (35% and 39% vs. 13%, p < 0.001).
Significant differences were found in one or both groups for the prevalence of frequent cocaine injection, requiring help injecting, binge drug use, residence in the HIV outbreak epicentre, sex-trade participation and syringe sharing (all p < 0.05) after incarceration.
Compared to non-incarcerated individuals, individuals reporting incarceration had almost double the odds of used syringe lending (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.05, p = 0.046).
Participants in the matched control group had a median age of 35.5 (IQR: 28.8 – 41.3), significantly older than the incarceration group (median age: 33.4, IQR: 26.3 – 39.0, p-value < 0.01).
In Model 1, including a history of incarceration as a covariate, African American race (OR 0.37, CI 0.15-0.91, p = 0.03) and a history of having ever been incarcerated (7.9 CI 1.7 36.9, p = 0.008) were independently associated with a MRSA infection.
According to Beauchamp (1976), "public health should be a way of doing justice, a way of asserting the value and priority of all human life" (p. 8), regardless of what one did to merit incarceration.
The adjusted effect of past history of incarceration was statistically significant for men (c' = .5959 (.1663), χ2 = 12.84, p = .0003, OR = 1.815) but not for women.
Incarceration was not associated with the number of injections performed in the previous week (p = 0.202).
