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Some scholars have criticized the use of census tracts or other administrative boundaries as an inappropriate proxy for neighborhoods (Rengert et al. 2005; Rengert and Lockwood 2009).
Our assessment is that while the method is powerful, the results are often over-interpreted or used as an inappropriate proxy for more quantitative methods.
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A subsequent 2010 pact resulted in a promise by the church to at least prevent inappropriate proxy baptism requests for Holocaust victims -- although not of all Jews.
Two other trials of chemotherapy in the second/subsequent-line treatment vs supportive care for of metastatic CRC (Barni et al, 1995; Rao et al, 2004) were considered inappropriate proxies in this analysis as the supportive care arms comprised BSC alone and no ASC.
Taking data from baseline measurements as a proxy for follow-up would be inappropriate, as a positive STI test result could influence sexual risk behavior 17, 18.
First, the administratively defined boundaries used as a proxy for neighbourhoods in this study may non-differentially misclassify individuals into an inappropriate administrative boundary, which can generate information biases and reduce the validity of analyses.
"Green is proxy for anything.
Unemployment claims are a proxy for layoffs.
Signing a proxy for an annual meeting.
Jobless claims are a proxy for layoffs.
Applications are a proxy for layoffs.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com