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Four major themes emerged: level of English language competence, feelings of isolation, limited opportunities for learning, and inadequate university support.
Amunts, K., Schleicher, A. & Zilles, K. Outstanding language competence and cytoarchitecture in Broca's speech region.
The language competence of our high schoolers fell steeply in the 1970s and has never recovered.
When testing language competence at B2 level, mistakes tend to repeat.
At Rakuten, the now-English intranet regularly features employee success stories with emphasis on best practices for increasing language competence.
"We're reaching the position where language competence is a prerogative of the privately educated elite, and language degrees are restricted to Russell Group universities".
Language competence.
This framework consists of three main components: language competence, strategic competence, and psychophysiological mechanisms.
Bachman (1990) describes "communicative language ability" (p. 84) in terms of language competence, strategic competence and psychophysiological mechanisms.
Canale and Swain (1980) proposed a theoretical framework of language competence consisting of three main components: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence.
Later on, Bachman (1990) described the framework of CLA involving three main components: Language competence, strategic competence, and psychophysiological mechanisms.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com