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The apparent protective effect of endotoxin exposure on lung cancer risk has previously been postulated to result from healthy worker selection effect, inadequate adjustment for important confounders such as exposure to tobacco smoke, and/or inadequate comparison groups [ 4, 5].
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"She has sometimes been called another Steve Jobs, but I think that's an inadequate comparison," Perry, who knew Jobs, said.
The comparison groups were small.
We had two comparison groups.
Two comparison groups were used.
Selection of comparison group: Inadequate if HIV-uninfected women were unlikely to be representative of the population from which the HIV-infected women were selected (e.g. if HIV-uninfected women were selected from different hospitals or antenatal clinics than HIV-infected women).
The older children (aged 9.5 12 yr) from that study were not included, as the comparison group showed to be inadequate (see [ 14], for discussion).
Research designs deemed methodologically inadequate were pre-post studies without a comparison group, non-randomized post-only studies, and cross-sectional studies.
Although the increased reporting of formulary-related interventions is encouraging, the high prevalence of inadequate designs (e.g. pre-post without comparison group, post-only) among studies of formulary-related interventions (77%) is striking.
The prevalence of mothers who had received inadequate prenatal care was greater for SGA and preterm births than for comparison group.
All women receiving an inadequate smear test result from a single laboratory over a 7-week period were invited to participate, along with a comparison group, selected from all women who received a normal smear test result from the same laboratory over the same period.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com