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Investment in our backstories is bad news for anyone who believes that, say, a lack of social mobility is more attributable to wealth inequality and government policy than the ways in which traits might be passed on through the generations.
Studies in molecular genetics led to studies in human genetics and the consideration of the ways in which traits in humans are inherited.
A character controlled by only a few genes is known as an oligogenic, or qualitative, character; oligogenic characters demonstrate discontinuous variation (in which traits are discrete; e.g., blood type is either AB, A, B, or O).
Finally, by focusing attention on the contexts in which traits first evolved, the term exaptation encourages us to ask deeper questions about evolution.
Relatively little is known about systems in which traits are larger in females or the role of multiple traits in male contests.
The Bayesian approach allowed the researchers to map information about primate behavior onto an evolutionary tree of the entire animal group, and thus analyze the order in which traits such as social monogamy, infanticide, and other behaviors arose over time.
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Different mechanisms of nonconsumptive effects can be categorized by either: 1) the type of trait that is changed in response to predation risk; or 2) the way in which trait changes impact prey population growth.
We calculated mean values for these species' traits within each ecoregion and identified ecoregions in which trait values were higher or lower than expected from a null-model of equiprobable species occurrence in all ecoregions, given the observed richness found in an ecoregion (see Fig. 4).
As an example, we adopt a model by Doebeli et al. (2004) in which trait z represents the amount of investment into public goods shared by both players.
In order to test the leverage of larger genera in which trait correlations may be shared due to niche conservatism (Lord et al. 1995), analyses were repeated at the level of genus.
One challenge to using morphological variation in a diversity of taxa is in selecting which traits should be assayed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com