The immediate perceived success obtained with the BAK cage for symptomatic DDD created an environment in which indications were also loosely modified and suboptimal surgical candidates were stabilized with accordingly poorer results.
We do not know if these persons really are in pain and for which indication analgesics were prescribed.
Observational studies on drugs may also be subject to confounding-by-indication in which the indication for treatment and not the treatment per se is associated with the outcome.
The greatest impact on the reduction in cesarean deliveries for fetal distress was seen in the subgroups in which the indication for testing was hypertension and suspected intrauterine growth restriction.
Trials in which primary indication for CVVH was acute kidney injury needing renal replacement therapy were excluded.
This is similar to a study conducted by Houssami et al 4 in which clinical indication was not mentioned in about one-fifth of reports.
This type of confounding refers to those situations in which the indication for treatment acts as a confounder, in this case the disease influences the exposure to P-gp substrates and acts as a risk factor for congenital anomalies.
The apparent increase in labelling errors was largely accounted for by errors at a single pharmacy in which the indication, where specified by the prescriber, was not included on the dispensing label.
Briefly, 50 μl was taken from the wells of the MIC assay in which no indication of growth was observed for all respective Candida species, was sub-cultured onto fresh YPD agar plates.
