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To test the robustness of the data analysis, we used several modeling approaches in which exposures and outcomes were used as both continuous and categorical measures.
Liver slices obtained from five mice were used in five separate experiments in which exposures to toxic compound or vehicle control were performed at the same time.
26 Industrial compounds and chemicals are linked to autoimmune disease mainly by occupational studies, in which exposures are more reliably ascertained from memory and workplace records than they are in studies of the general population.
In bidirectional control sampling in which exposures at death were compared with exposures both before and after death, the estimated mortality was resistant to confounding by time patterns of air pollution.
Recent advances in molecular biology opened the opportunity for new approaches in population-based studies, in which exposures to a broad spectrum of environmental pollutants are evaluated in concert with biological systems, a concept proposed as the "exposome" (Wild 2005).
Interactions between exposures to psychological stress and environmental contaminants may be important in many settings in which exposures to stress and pollution are likely to co-occur, ranging in intensity from daily urban living to participation in wartime activities.
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We think there are many issues at work here, such as priming effects, in which exposure to a stimulus predisposes people to react a certain way.
The framework has two tiers in which exposure information can be integrated with hazard data at each Tier.
Animal studies provide evidence for a causal relationship, in which exposure to nicotine has detrimental effects on foetal development.
That perspective suggests a human population and a global environment in which exposure to radiation is constant and significant.
Ten to twenty per cent of the population in Europe and North America suffers at one time or another from polymorphous light eruption, in which exposure to ultraviolet light causes a burning or itching rash.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com