Some are "retrofit" communities, in which existing side-by-side homes are purchased and then converted.
Promotions in which existing clients receive discounts or special treatment for sending friends to their doctors can also be ethically fraught.
In postmodern culture, in which existing elements are routinely cut, pasted and blended into new works, computers are providing handy tools for these transformations, and the Internet is supplying an eager audience for the results.
They split the increase in labour productivity growth into two components: capital deepening, with workers using more machines; and what is called multifactor productivity growth, in which existing resources of capital and labour are used more efficiently.
Chicago Public Schools designated 10 schools for turnaround — a controversial process in which existing staff members are fired and changes are made in the school's curriculum and learning climate.
We saw it again in November, 2013, when, after seven years in which existing international sanctions against Iran had been extended and redirected to impact members of its ruling élite, Hassan Rouhani's government agreed to freeze its nuclear program and enter talks with the United States and other members of the "P5+1" group.
While the firm is best known for the strikingly modern Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History, the Biltmore project is more akin to its work at Carnegie Hall, in which existing features were restored and highlighted.
But some regard this approach as unpromising because it will take years to design new organisms, and meanwhile progress toward making biofuels is already being achieved with conventional genetic engineering approaches in which existing organisms are modified a few genes at a time.
Fossils of extinct species trace the ancestry of African spiny mice to the Late Miocene Epoch (11.2 million to 5.3 million years ago) in Africa, where they probably lived in habitats not unlike the dry savannas in which existing species are found.
He allegedly has now confessed that this was achieved by creating a pyramid scheme in which existing clients' returns were topped up, as needed, with money from new investors.Perhaps the biggest warning sign was the secrecy with which the investment business was conducted.
At Metro the visitor is confronted by something completely different: an example of an artist making much out of very little, committing acts of ingenious recycling in which existing materials and artistic thought are brought into an unusual kind of mutually enhancing alignment.
