But what are the circumstances in which the calculus is different and make a complaint feel worthwhile?
It reminded her, too, of the changeable pricing of artworks, in which a calculus more mercurial than demand or usefulness determines value.
This invariance in analogy to path-independent phenomena in physics, suggests a new way in which variational calculus can be employed to address biological questions.
Here are two senses in which λ-calculus is connected with logic.
MATH 110 (fall) and MATH 111 (spring) form a two-term introduction to differentiation, in which precalculus and calculus topics are combined.
Prompted by the secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, Marie-Jean Condorcet, he wrote a paper discussing the problem of earthworks (composed in 1776 and reworked in 1781) in which he used calculus to determine the curvature of a surface.
Bentham's influence has been felt to a considerable extent in the field of economics, in which the felicific calculus provided the groundwork for the development of policy based on cost-benefit analysis.
Kleene had taken up Ketonen's calculus from the Bernays' review and also treated intuitionistic sequent calculus in which invertibility is more restricted than in the classical calculus.
A predicate calculus in which the only variables that occur in quantifiers are individual variables is known as a lower (or first-order) predicate calculus.
In 1920 Jan Łukasiewicz, a leading member of the Polish school of logic, formulated a propositional calculus that had a third truth-value, neither truth nor falsity, for Aristotle's future contingents, a calculus in which the laws of contradiction and of excluded middle both failed.
