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In the last few decades numerous studies have been published to assess the biological activity of tobacco smoke using in vivo and in vitro test systems.
In addition, in most studies the water samples have been tested only in in vitro test systems such as the Salmonella-microsome test.
This supports the relevance of coculture models, which favour a differentiated and polarised epithelial layer as in vitro test systems for nanoparticle uptake.
The perfusion culture model of the retina refines organotypic in vitro test systems and may help to reduce the number of necessary animal experiments in retina and RPE research.
Various factors, such as nanomaterial size (diameter), surface area, surface charge, redox potential, surface functionalization, and composition play a role in the development of toxicity in in vitro test systems.
Accordingly, it is experimentally challenging to articulate a unifying denominator of dose at critical cellular targets in both in vivo and in vitro test systems due to the complex dependence on test material-specific characteristics.
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In order to evaluate the potential of the presented system as in vitro test system for assessing myelotoxicity, the chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil was applied, which is known to affect the hematopoietic system56, 86.
The novel test system provides a promising in vitro test system for the assessment of zfAChE inhibition.
The dermal absorption in vitro test system was successfully adapted to amphibian skin.
In order to minimize vertebrate testing, this work was targeted to develop an in vitro test system as a possible model to assess the dermal uptake of chemicals across amphibian skin.
In estimating the strain fields in the in vivo environment of the skeletal injury site surrounding the pin, we made a first approximation using an in vitro test system.
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