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We halved worms before in vitro breeding and evaluated whether this affected outcrossing rates and reproductive output.
We used a full-factorial in vitro breeding design to separately test the effects of paternal and maternal contributions to the embryos' susceptibility to different kinds of pathogen exposure.
Permissions for sampling adults, in vitro breeding, and the raising of embryos in the laboratory were granted by the fishery inspectorate of the Vaud canton.
Permissions for sampling adults, in vitro breeding, and the raising of embryos in the laboratory were granted by the fishery inspectorate of the Bern canton.
Full-factorial in vitro breeding allowed us to separate additive genetic from maternal environmental effects (variation in egg quality) on the susceptibility or tolerance of embryos to estrogen pollution (Lynch and Walsh 1998; Wedekind et al. 2007b).
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The method we have applied herein, which can be performed on blood and does not require pathogen challenge of the animal, could potentially permit in vitro screening of breeding animals for optimal innate immune responsiveness.
In vitro-grown mature florets also provide an aseptic source of anthers for the production of haploids, and open up the possibilities for in vitro fertilization techniques to enhance breeding experiments between ecotypes that are naturally difficult to cross.
It is time to investigate somaclonal variation, in vitro selection and haploid breeding for Jatropha improvement.
These reports also document the existence of recalcitrance (partial or total inability to respond to in vitro culture), which greatly limits biotechnological breeding.
Still, the agency said, the problems were not that much different from those caused by other techniques used in farm breeding, like in vitro fertilization.
Other species, specifically those that had problems reproducing at a rate fast enough to save them from extinction, required more specialized efforts, such as human help in the form of captive breeding programs, in vitro fertilization, and other forms of reproductive assistance.
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