Any hope for amelioration lies in understanding the general functional processes that are disrupted by mutations in various pathways.
Specific protein-protein interactions are crucial in the cell, both to ensure the formation and stability of multiprotein complexes and to enable signal transduction in various pathways.
Functional annotation study of DEGs confirmed their involvement in various pathways including response to oxidative stress, immune system regulation, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal changes, kinases activity and apoptosis.
ROS function as signaling molecules in various pathways regulating both cell survival and cell death [19].
Oxidative stress is definitely caused by an imbalance between production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense [17], and ROS has been identified as signaling molecules in various pathways regulating both cell survival and cell death [18, 19].
Tumor suppressor p53 participates in various pathways that regulate the G2/M transition (reviewed in [28]).
Persistent activation of NR is believed to be a possible mode of action [6], [7] operative in various pathways leading to cancer [8].
Overall, these data were of a lower intensity than for other samples, but the expression differences relative to blood stages and the enrichment of genes involved in various pathways were consistently observed between the two liver samples.
Salmonella attack of Arabidopsis plants also results in the activation of MPK3 and MPK6 with a similar kinetics (Fig. 1i), showing a transient activation maximum at 15 min. Since MPK3 and MPK6 are implicated in various pathways, the respective signalling complexes rather than the MAP kinases themselves, are thought to provide the necessary signalling specificity.
The data clearly show clusters of genes in various pathways.
During their development, cancer cells accumulate losses in various pathways, whereas others can become hyper-activated.
